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Image:Electrical Circuits Used.doc

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Image:Project 1.JPG

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Talk:Biomedic Attraction and Electrocution of Mosquitoes (BIOMOSQ)

Naveenakira — Tue, 07 Sep 2010 17:30:41 GMT

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<div class='noarticletext'>There is currently no text in this page, you can [[Special:Search/Upload|search for this page title]] in other pages or [http://www.ieeehtn.org/htn/index.php?title=Special:Upload&action=edit edit this page].</div> [[Media:Project_1.JPG|Project_1.JPG]]

Biomedic Attraction and Electrocution of Mosquitoes (BIOMOSQ)

Naveenakira — Tue, 07 Sep 2010 17:29:46 GMT

This is a perfect Mosquito Repellent Implemented so far in this Society

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'''Problem to be solved:'''

To eradicate the spread of Diseases in Mankind and Animals alike through Mosquitoes by getting rid of them by an Effective tool - Our Product (BIOMOSQ). The present Mosquito Repellents have lost their faith in the minds of the people which is evident from the Various posts and Articles in Newspapers and Online Blogs. We would like to eradicate that line of Demarcation by introducing a Perfect Mosquito Repellent that will kill Mosquitoes as it promises!'

 

'''Statistics to justify the problem:'''

Mosquitoes are the major cause for Diseases to mankind which can be justified from the following Statistics.

Malaria- 3 million deaths and 300-500 million affected. One Child dies for every 40 seconds

Filaria- 50,000 cases annually

Dengue- 5000 deaths and 4 lakh cases

Yellow Fever- 30,000 deaths and 2 lakh cases

White Nile Disease- 55,000 cases annually

So we have to take some preventive step to stop the spreading of Diseases through Mosquitoes. We propose the best Solution for the eradication of Mosquitoes!

Justification of your proposed solution:

Mosquitoes are attracted to these basic factors:

A). Carbon Dioxide (CO2): Several researches conducted in the past have proved that mosquitoes get attracted naturally to carbon dioxide. Mosquitoes can sense the carbon dioxide which humans leave out by the process of respiration and are attracted. Carbon dioxide can attract mosquitoes in a large scale compared to any other attracting tools. Hence they are used by various mosquito magnets to attract mosquitoes. But the drawback with carbon dioxide is that it is a green house gas and hence causes global warming. As our system is an eco-friendly system, the use of carbon dioxide is neglected.

B). Haemoglobin: Mosquitoes have the ability to sense the smell of haemoglobin and are attracted towards it. This has proved first by scientist Rudolfs in 1922. Mosquito byte human beings so as to suck the blood from the body. In this product we are utilizing a Biomaterial B-MAT which has similar properties as that of Haemoglobin.

C). Skin Protein Keratin The skin protein Keratin acts as a catalyst to attract mosquitoes when combined with haemoglobin.

D). Colour and Temperature: Mosquitoes have affinity to dark colour, in particular black. This was proved by the revolution of a group of mosquitoes over human head because of black colour of the hair. Further mosquitoes were attracted in large numbers towards substances having temperature around 98 degrees Fahrenheit (36.7 degree centigrade), which is the optimum body temperature. Hence in our model, black colour and optimum temperature are used as catalysts to enhance the attraction of mosquitoes.

We are using all these factors as Catalyst and electrocuting the Mosquitoes rather than just repelling them. Thus results in better protection for the user and also prevents spread of Mosquito related Diseases.

 '''Survey of contemporary solutions:'''

Electrocuting Mosquitoes has been implemented by the idea of Mosquito Bats only. But the main Disadvantage in them is that they have to be carried around and used to kill mosquitoes using Manual Labour!

Advantages of our solution:

ADVANTAGES:

*Ability to attract the Mosquitoes from a range of 30 metres

*Complete protection of the family from Mosquitoes as it attracts and kills the Mosquitoes as it promises.

*Proof that Mosquitoes are destroyed by the Zapping sound.

*Protection from Mosquitoes even during Power Failures by the use of Backup Batteries.

*One time Investment- Need Not replace B-MAT

*Priced @ Rs.500 with a Warranty Period of 3 Years.

 

'''Technical overview:'''

LOWER CONTAINER: The circuit consists of lower container filled with Keratinized B-MAT in solid form. The lower container is coated with specially formulated polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

UPPER CONTAINER: The upper container consists of heated coil with relay control circuit, electrical grids and backup battery

Relay Control Circuit: The relay control circuit consists of heated coil, temperature sensor, operational amplifier, 5V relay.

Backup battery: A 7A, 1KV Lithium ion battery is used to provide power in case of power cut. Also the heating coil is supplied with current from the output of the battery

Electrical Grids: There are three electrical grids available here: • Protection Grid • Positive Grid • Negative Grid The protection grid is used for preventing infants and other animals from touching the main electrical grid The positive grid and negative grid is supplied with power and the spacing between them is only 2mm which is the size of the smallest mosquito.

WORKING PRINCIPLE: Mosquitoes are attracted by the smell of Keratinized B-MAT up to 15m radius and they came towards the circuit. Further the black colour and optimum temperature act as catalysts and attracted many mosquitoes. Mosquitoes entered through the protection grid and proceeded towards keratinized B-MAT. When they go between positive and negative grid, they completed the electrical circuit by short circuiting positive and negative grid, as the spacing between the grids is only 2mm, size of a smaller mosquito. Due to potential difference, mosquitoes were electrocuted and they were vaporized within a second. This was confirmed by the zapping sound. More than one mosquito was electrocuted in a second.

 

'''Our work in implementation:'''

Manufacture of B-MAT: We manufactured B-MAT in the VEC labs with the assistance of Dr.J.Nandagopal, HOD, Chemistry Department, Velammal Engineering College. A flexible plastic container is fabricated from a specially formulated polyvinyl chloride. Water is allowed to permeate into the container not in sufficient amounts to affect the solution. Water for Injection is chemically designated H2O. The above solvent is heated to temperatures above 35°C/95°F to remove moisture content. The product is cooled at room temperature for about an hour. B-MAT was obtained.

Keratinized B-MAT The half life of naked B-MAT was relatively low. Hence to increase its stability, 5% dextrin was added which resulted in cross liking and conjugation of adjacent molecules. Further 2.5 wt/vol% of Keratin, a skin protein was added in order to get composition analogous to skin. Addition of polyaluminium chloride, a hydrate ion and Ferric Chloride, coagulating agent made the keratinized B-MAT into solidified form. The life time of this Keratinized B-MAT is three years

ATTRACTION OF MOSQUITOES TOWARDS KERATINIZED B-MAT: To study the attraction of mosquitoes towards keratinized B-MAT, an experiment was conducted at Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Namakkal. About three different species of mosquitoes were considered in numbers of 1000. They are: 1. Anophelinae 2. Culicinae 3. Toxorhynchitinae

About 1000 mosquitoes of each species were taken in an open breeding ground for a period of 52 hours and the attraction towards keratinized B-MAT was tested.

The experimental results are given below: Anophelinae 582 Culicinae 324 Toxorhynchitinae 233

As a Team we have Registered this Firm under the Register of Firms and also have implemented the final Product. We require some funding to step into the Business Arena.

 

'''Code written/Circuit Diagram/Algorithm implemented:'''

1. Heated Coil: The heated coil gives out heat when the current is passed through it. 2. Temperature Sensor: LM35 temperature sensor is used here. It produces output voltage proportional to the temperature. Output Voltage in mV is given as: V0 = [1000 – (Temp in Fahrenheit *10] *100 V0 = 2.0 V, for 98 degree Fahrenheit

3. Operational Amplifier: The operational amplifier is used for amplifying the voltage output of the temperature sensor. Output Voltage, Vout = V0 (1+Rf/Ri) When V0 = 2.0V, Vout = 5V

4. Relay Circuit: A 5V relay is used here as a switch When the control voltage (Output of Op-Amp) exceeds 5V, the relay circuit acts as an open switch. This means that when the temperature of the circuit exceeds 98 degree Fahrenheit, the circuit acts as an open switch preventing further current to pass through the heating coil. Only when the temperature of the circuit goes below 98 degree Fahrenheit, relay will act as a closed switch.

 '''Details on testing our product including the test plan and test results:'''

MORTALITY RATE OF MOSQUITOES: An experiment was conducted to study the number of mosquitoes attracted and electrocuted by the product at different timings of the day at different places of a closed room present nearer to breeding place of mosquitoes (Stagnant drainage water) consecutively for 5 days and Results were Tabulated as mentioned in the Attachment.

 

'''Resources and bibliography:'''

[1] World Health Organisation (WHO) – Mosquito borne diseases http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/

[2] National Centre for infectious diseases - Mosquito. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/list_mosquitoborne.htm

[3] The dangers of DEET insect repellents http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Dangers-of-DEET-Insect-Repellents&id=353399

[4] Citronella Candles banishes mosquitoes http://lifehacker.com/5320810/diy-citronella-candles-cheaply-banish-mosquitoes

[5] University of Delaware research bug zapper lies by Dr. Beetle http://drbeetle.homestead.com/zap.html

[6] Mosquito swatter, a new alternative http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2007/03/10/stories/2007031002210700.htm

[7] Comparison of carbon dioxide, octenol and a host-odour as mosquito attractants by N.Becker, M.Zgomba, D.Petruc, M.Ludwig, Volume 9, Issue 4, Medical and Veterinary Entomology.

[8] Mosquito host seeking review by John Vandyk http://www.ent.iastate.edu/dept/research/vandyk/hostseek.html

[9] Green house gases and society by Jordan Cohen http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/society/greenhouse.htm

[10] Mosquito magnets-effective control of mosquitoes. http://mosquitomagnetdepot.com/info/octenol.html

 

'''Complete contact details of the team including the email ids and the mobile numbers:'''

T. Naveen Prakash B. Vinoth

naveen.praks@gmail.com vinothbalaji89@gmail.com +91-9962823411 +91-9789877417

B-5, 71/124, ACE Appartments, Ramachandra Street, Vasudeva Nagar, Ashok Nagar, Chennai- 600083.

 

'''College details:'''

Velammal Engineering College Velammal Nagar, Ambattur-Red Hills Road, Chennai - 600 066.

www.velammal.org

 

'''Mentor details:'''

Dr. R.D.Prabhu, PhD drachako@in.ibm.com 9480336129

 

'''Guide Details:''' Prof. Mary Joans mary_jsundar@yahoo.co.in 9884675641

 

'''Branch Counsellor:''' Ms. Geetha

 

"This Project was funded under the IEEE All India Young Engineers' Humanitarian Challenge 2010 - youngengineers.ieeebangalore.org"

 

 

 

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A7tk-500YG0 

[[Category:Healthcare_stubs]]

Editing Editing FLOOD MONITORING AND USAGE OF WATER

Nandeeshtech — Tue, 07 Sep 2010 14:58:07 GMT

The main aim of our project is flood monitoring to a greater extent. This can be done by monitoring the speed of water using speed sensors as well as water level indicators. Construction is made befor

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Editing FLOOD MONITORING AND USAGE OF WATER

Nandeeshtech — Tue, 07 Sep 2010 14:32:14 GMT

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Ansuman — Tue, 07 Sep 2010 06:43:29 GMT

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A sweep visual evoked potential system for the effective diagnosis of amblyopia in infants

Ansuman — Tue, 07 Sep 2010 06:29:14 GMT

This Project was funded under the IEEE All India Young Engineers' Humanitarian Challenge 2010 - youngengineers.ieeebangalore.org

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== '''PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED :''' ==

Amblyopia or 'lazy eye' is a disease that occurs when both the human eyes doesn’t react to the stimulus in the same way i.e one eye is lazy with respect to the other . This may be due to strabismus (abnormal alignment of one or both eyes ), anisometropia (unequal refractive error) or obstruction of vision. The prevalence of amblyopia varies from 1% to 5%, with SDA (stimulus deprivation amblyopia) constituting less than 3% of all amblyopia cases. SDA develops due to obstruction of vision in early childhood by conditions such as cataract (cloudy lens) or ptosis (droopy eyelid). Amblyopia causes more visual loss in the under 40 group than all the eye injuries, and diseases combined in this age group. A child's visual pathways are not fully developed at birth. The vision system and the brain need to be stimulated by clear, focused, properly aligned, overlapping images from both eyes to develop properly. This development takes place mainly in the first 3 years of life but is not complete until about 8 years of age. If the brain does not receive proper visual stimulation from an eye during the development period, it learns to ignore (suppress) the image from that eye, resulting in vision loss. If the suppression persists long enough, vision loss can be permanent. There are several reasons for lack of proper visual stimulation, each of which can produce a type of amblyopia. Children with amblyopia may be too young to describe symptoms. And in pre-verbal infants, performing the normal visual acuity tests poses a real challenge, as they might not be able to follow instructions properly or respond appropriately. Thus diagnosis techniques applied on adults and children above 3 years of age would not work in this case. <u 

== '''STATISTICS TO JUSTIFY THIS PROBLEM :''' ==

Amblyopia can be treated effectively if it is diagnosed in the earlier stages. A broad consensus of professional opinion supports vision screening of infant and young children. No single method of screening has been demonstrated to be superior in detecting amblyopia and all methods have significant limitations and also the dilation test cant be done in the preverbal infants. We propose a sweep visual evoked potential (VEP) system to diagnose amblyopia in infants less than three years of age. The current studies carried out in this area have proven that VEP tests do show positive results. However interpreting EEG signals is a challenging task. Also, the traces produced for an abnormal EEG cannot be distinguished from a normal one easily. We propose to design a visual stimulus for the infant that would enhance the EEG signal and produce better results. As a follow up, other confirmatory tests would be conducted to confirm the presence of the disease in the infant. 

== '''JUSTIFICATION FOR THE SOLUTION :''' ==

Since the amblyopia is caused due to vascular birth marks from the childhood, the preverbal child is unable to distinguish and tell what problem he or she has. The vernier visual acuity measurements are a promising tool for early detection of "amblyopia-like effects" in children with eyelid hemangiomas, who can then be targeted for treatment. It is likely that these findings extend to other eyelid problems, including congenital ptosis [drooping eyelid], where amblyopia may be present even in the absence of clinical features for amblyopia.The sweep VEP testing for all the children will be able to solve the problem.The VEP test provides an clear insight into the neurology of the primary flow from the eye back to the primary visual cortex(V1) .The sweep VEP testing will tell us whether or not there may be any frank neurological involvement that would prelude a positive outcome .The VEP does answer to the all the questions unequivocally and adds clinical picture to the Amblyopia .Thus the premature testing of the human eye by sweep VEP will not only lead to early detection and diagnosis but also the other eye related problems if there, can be detected. 

 

== '''SURVEY OF CONTEMPORARY SOLUTIONS :''' ==

In amblyopia(lazy eye syndrome) the brain, for some reason, does not fully acknowledge the images seen by the amblyopic eye. This almost always affects only one eye but may manifest with reduction of vision in both eyes.Amblyopia is a neurologically active process. In other words, the loss of vision takes place in the brain. If one eye sees clearly and the other sees a blur, the brain can inhibit (block, ignore, suppress) the eye with the blur. The brain can also suppress one eye to avoid double vision. The inhibition process (suppression) can result in a permanent decrease in the vision in the blurry eye that can not be corrected with glasses, lenses, or lasik surgery. The basic testing methods for diagnosis of amblyopia as prescribed in doctors are described as follows - * Visual acuity assessment testing (VAT)—such as the Lea Symbols test that is used to assess distant vision. The normal visual acuity test(20-20 vision screening) is uneffective in case of preverbal children who are unable to speak. * Cycloplegic refraction test—It is performed to determine how the eyeball displays and receives images produced by the lens of the eye. To perform the test, eye drops are used to dilate (widen the pupil) for a better view of the eye. To determine the direction of light the eye receives and displays, the dilating drops briefly paralyze (impair movement or make inactive) the eye muscles that control focusing. * Retinoscopy- It allows an eye specialist to determine a preverbal childs eyeglass prescription * Prisms-Used to determine the amount of crossing between the two eyes if present Teller Acuity Cards® II -To test for pediatric visual acuity without requiring a verbal response. By judging an infant's attention to a series of cards showing stripes of different widths, the vision screening professional can perform accurate infant vision screening and avoid the complex, time-consuming laboratory testing that would otherwise be necessary.But again it has its backdrops.The result obtained is subjective and can't be explain us on the degree upto which the eye is amblyopic i.e its effect on the binoular vision.The child when shown the visual acuity cards is at times distracted due to other reasons and may lead to wrong conclusion on the part of the doctor.Since the root of cause for this syndrome is brain,why not take the readings directly from the brain? It would give us a more apt result and would help us find out the extent of damage done to the binocular vision due to the defect. So there was a need for a VEP testing. 

 

== '''ADVANTAGES OF THE SOLUTION PROPOSED :''' ==

A visual evoked potential is a diagnostic test that works based on picking up the electrical signals produced in the primary visual cortex time locked to a stimulus seen by the patient. It is essentially an EEG of the visual system. Electrodes are placed on the skull in such a way so as to allow the recording of the electrical potential changes in the visual cortex region, hence the name, in response to the stimulation. By using a bright flash of light and seeing when the signal arrives at the primary visual cortex (V1) they can see if there is a slowing down of signal. If there is a slow down it is generally secondary to loss of myelin.The typical stimuli we use are varying checkerboards that alternate, with white boxes changing to black and black boxes changing to white across the entire board several times per second(2 Hz).VEP adds to ones diagnostic battery is a test of the neurology of the primary flow from the eye back to the primary visual cortex (V1). It is good to know as soon as possible whether or not there may be any frank neurological involvement that would preclude a positive outcome.The testing even though is time consuming but a effective way to diagnose amblyopia especially in infants. The results obtained are not biased and are based on true neural responses taken from the patient and hence ''more reliable'' compared to other subjective methods like teller acuity cards.

Nurulight

B.d.mccoy — Tue, 07 Sep 2010 03:04:14 GMT

New page: == Background == Nurulight is a social enterprise that sought to invent an affordable and clean off-grid lighting system for the world’s poor. Using the winnings from the World Bank...

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== Background ==

Nurulight is a social enterprise that sought to invent an affordable and clean off-grid lighting system for the world’s poor. Using the winnings from the World Bank's 2008 Lighting Africa competition, the engineering team spent 14-months designing the Nuru Lighting system. It is the most affordable and efficient lighting system on the market today.

== Need ==

Nurulight works to replace kerosene because it is: 

*'''Unaffordable''': The world’s poor spend between 10-40% of their income on kerosene.
*'''Unhealthy''': Inhaling kerosene fumes is the equivalent of smoking two packs of cigarettes a day.
*'''Environmentally Unfriendly''': Kerosene produces 100 million tons of carbon dioxide annually.
*'''Unsafe''': 25% of households reported kerosene-related accidents in the last twelve-months, including fires and skin burns.
*'''Unfit for Purpose''': Light from kerosene is dim and barely useful, not providing enough light for school children to study at night.

== Locations ==

Nurulight’s first country of operation in Africa is Rwanda and theyhave already established operations in Burundi and Uganda. By the end of 2010, the company plans to be in most countries of the East Africa region, including Kenya and Tanzania. Combined, these countries are home to over 200 million people without electricity. Nurulight also works in India, home to over 580 million people without electricity.

[[Image:Nuru1.JPG|center]] '''Figure 1''': Locations Nurulight is working to implement their system http://nurulight.com/?page_id=2

== Products ==

=== Nuru Light ===

*'''Affordable '''– The low price of each POD light is more in line with the income stream of rural populations. At less than $7, it is 95% cheaper than kerosene and much more affordable than a $20-$100 solar lantern.
*'''Good for health''' – There is no kerosene to burn. Therefore, the POD emits no harmful fumes. Instead, the light can be recharged off-grid, essentially for free, either using the world’s first commercially available pedal generator, the POWERCycle or an external solar panel, the POWERSolar. For those areas that DO have access to the electricity grid, the POD lights can also be recharged by a mains adapter, the POWERGrid.
*'''Good for the environment''' – LED technology is carbon neutral.
*'''Safe '''– There is no risk of fire with any of the three charging methods.
*'''Provides enough light for basic tasks and room lighting''' – Each POD is many times brighter than the light produced by a typical kerosene lantern and can be used as an individual light source for task lighting or can be combined with other POD lights in a variety of ways to provide even more light.

[[Image:Nuru2.JPG|center]] '''Figure 2''': Nuru light in use http://nurulight.com/?page_id=122

=== POWERCycle ===

Nuru Light has developed the world’s first commercially available pedal generator. Unlike wind and solar, the pedal ensures that power is always available. The POWERCycle can charge up to five lights at once in just twenty minutes of pedaling. Each charged light will last for 35 hours, resulting in a charging ratio of 525:1, making it over 500 times more efficient than solar! Because the POWERCycle is easy to operate, even children can use it.

[[Image:Nuru3.JPG|center]] '''Figure 3''': PowerCycle in use charging 5 Nurulights http://nurulight.com/?page_id=109

=== POWERSolar ===

Nuru Light has also developed the POWERSolar, a solar panel that can charge up to five lights at once. This clean and efficient lighting system allows customers to charge their lights during the day and use them at night.

[[Image:Nuru4.JPG|center]] '''Figure 4''':POWERSolar system in use charging Nurulights http://nurulight.com/?page_id=113

=== POWERGrid ===

In cities throughout the developing world, power outages are a fact of life. As a result, almost two billion people have access to electricity for only a few hours a day. With this situation in mind, Nuru Light invented the POWERGrid, a plug-in charging system. With the POWERGrid, customers can charge their light when they have access to electricity and use the Nuru Lights when the power is out. The POWERGrid can charge up to five lights at once. [[Image:Nuru5.JPG|center]] '''Figure 5''':POWERGrid System http://nurulight.com/?page_id=111

== Article Contributors ==

• Brendan McCoy B.D.mccoy@ieee.org 

 

== References ==

• Company website o http://nurulight.com

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Data Connectivity

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Cell Phones

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	= References/Additional Resources =		= References/Additional Resources =

-	• Cell phones may help "save" Africa<br>o http://news.mongabay.com/2005/0712-rhett_butler.html<br>• The Fastest Growing Mobile Networks in Africa<br>o http://whiteafrican.com/tag/cell/page/2/<br>• Article on popularity growth of cell phones in Africa<br>o http://spectrum.ieee.org/telecom/wireless/africa-calling/0<br>• Organization which provides phones to health clinics<br>o http://www.hopephones.org<br>• Cell phones for internet access<br>o http://www.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/series/wsanalysis#playepisode2<br><br>	+	• Cell phones may help "save" Africa<br>o http://news.mongabay.com/2005/0712-rhett_butler.html<br>• The Fastest Growing Mobile Networks in Africa<br>o http://whiteafrican.com/tag/cell/page/2/<br>• Article on popularity growth of cell phones in Africa<br>o http://spectrum.ieee.org/telecom/wireless/africa-calling/0<br>• Organization which provides phones to health clinics<br>o http://www.hopephones.org<br>• Cell phones for internet access<br>o http://www.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/series/wsanalysis#playepisode2<br><br><br />[[Media:Cell_Phone_Opinion_Paper.pdf\|Cell_Phone_Opinion_Paper.pdf]]

Solution Definition-Humanitarian Technology Challenge

B.d.mccoy — Tue, 07 Sep 2010 01:14:20 GMT

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== Introduction ==

Our objective is to have implementable solutions for our three identified challenges, which raises a question of, "What is an implementable solution?" Is it one or more manufactured hardware products? Is it software? Is it a well-defined process? And, what else is needed in addition to any or all of these, to make the solution truly implementable? We propose that a complete solution be viewed as one big systems engineering problem.

 A simple way of viewing a successful solution is that: (a) someone envisions/describes it, (b) someone builds it, (c) someone buys it, and (d) someone uses it. While these might be viewed as four separate, sequential steps, it is well known that unsuccessful solutions often occur because too little attention on the later steps is given during the earlier steps. We seek to avoid that trap by considering production issues, economics, and operation while envisioning and describing the solution, and by inviting "downstream" stakeholders, such as suppliers and implementation NGOs, to contribute to solution descriptions. Exactly how solution suppliers will be motivated to supply, solution buyers will be motivated to buy, and solution users will be motivated to use, are likely to be very dependent on the details of each solution, and will need to be iterated and refined as solution definition proceeds. Also, it is critically important that solutions be sustainable, and that often requires some degree of local production and local maintenance.

 Approaching problems of this complexity should be done incrementally, that is, start with the simplest design that contributes value toward the problem domain. Then, implement and field test this design. During each of these incremental improvements, we learn more about the problem domain and how end users perceive their need. With each successive iteration, the design is tuned toward a better match with the end user need and a sustainable system in the actual environment. In general, it is very difficult to predict all of the pitfalls in the universe of possible solutions. Getting test systems in the field as quickly as possible is the key to expanding our understanding. The initial efforts should be inexpensive and simple.

== Solution Approach ==

We observe that all three challenges are multi-faceted, technically, suggesting mixtures of various hardware and software technologies. Technologies must be turned into products by suppliers, ideally with standard interfaces. In addition, experience shows that products alone do not make a solution. Engineering and installation guidelines, operations plans, user and administrator training, spare part sourcing, and other concerns must be addressed for successful technical product implementation. Perhaps most importantly, any solution must be driven by economics. There must be an identified source of financing, and an understanding of payback. Indeed, the lack of viable economic ("business") models, often hamper product production by suppliers and successful product implementation by users.

 The details of implemented solutions are likely to vary by location. One approach is to consider every location somewhat different from others, and design a specific solution tailored to the unique needs of that target. Done enough times, some lessons-learned might emerge, which could theoretically carry over to later implementations. Many use this approach today. While it may yield some successful solutions, deriving and applying lessons-learned, scaling solutions, and convincing suppliers to design or tailor products if lack of scale is perceived, can all be substantial issues.

 Rather than work from "the bottom up," we believe that we can work from "the top down" and define a generic superstructure from which solution elements can be mixed and matched to meet the unique needs of any given location. We call this superstructure a "Solution Set," and each solution implementation will be one instance of this broad set.

== Solution Set Description ==

The Solution Set includes an array of described hardware and/or software products that are components of a solution, describes the processes needed to make these products work, and describes the economic plan driving solution implementation. In many cases, solutions will not be working in isolation, but will need to interface with other existing or planned systems, so standards and/or interoperability must also be considered.

 A Solution Set, then, would explain that 1. Products are needed with described capabilities and features, 2. Meeting described environmental and interoperability standards, 3. Operated and managed in a described operating environment, and 4. Purchased according to a described economic plan ... ... for a successfully implementable solution in any geographic area. We envision one of these Solution Set documents for each challenge.

 The audiences for the Solution Sets include: 

*For-profit and non-profit companies who provide products now, and those who would provide future products
*Non-Governmental Organizations and government agencies with solution implementation responsibilities, and consulting companies that service them
*Foundations, for their use in guiding their funding allocations

 In addition, humanitarian relief implementations could be viewed as a test market for the development of a more robust broadly commercial product.

== Phasing ==

Constructing a complete solution set is a complex task. To parse the problem, we recommend that a two-phase approach be undertaken:

=== Phase I ===

Define solutions somewhat independently, but consider all four parts mentioned above (Technology, Standards, OA&M, Economic Implementation)

=== Phase II ===

Work "horizontally" across solutions to unify Standards, OA&M Plans and Economic Implementation plans, recognizing that complete solutions will likely have multiple elements.

 To provide a framework for the Phase I effort, attached is a proposed outline for a solution description. Not all parts may have relevance for every solution. The intent is to provide one of these solution descriptions for each Solution area, e.g., one paper for a portable generator for Reliable Electricity, another paper for a battery management controller, another paper for electricity storage, etc. In Phase II of the solution effort, these separate documents will be assembled into larger packages describing a more complete, integrated solution set for each challenge.

 Although this outline is heavily oriented toward physical products, solutions that are more process-oriented should also fit, with some sections deleted or left blank.

 The outline is formidable, and it is not expected that every section will be completed in depth. The intent is to provide a framework to think about complete, implementable solutions that are sustainable. It is very likely that a layered approach would work best for some solutions.

== Layering ==

One way to layer would be to address briefly all of the solution description sections, then seek feedback from NGOs, suppliers, foundations, and others who have not been participating in the HTC project yet, then use that feedback to flesh out more details iteratively. This may best fit solutions whose technology is well understood, whose user needs are very well-defined, and whose environment is very well-known.

 A second way to layer would be to focus initially on a description of a prototype system which, if built and tested, could provide direction for a more complete solution description. A prototype may be assembled with off-the-shelf components, even though such a solution may be sub-optimal, with the key objective of obtaining actual field data to help direct definition of a more robust solution. We suggest that this is the more appropriate incremental approach for most of the solutions being considered.

 Other ways of layering are possible, and all approaches are welcome for discussion.

== Article Contributors ==

• Martin Murillo           murillo@ieee.org

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uploaded "Image:Extreme Remote Area Survey.doc"

Extreme Remote Area Survey

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== Background ==

The attached word document contributed by Martin Murillo (murillo@ieee.org) outlines aspects of an impoverished area that are very useful to know for determining the best type of system to implement to achieve data connectivity. [[Media:Extreme_Remote_Area_Survey.doc|Extreme_Remote_Area_Survey.doc]]

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uploaded "Image:P1010014.JPG": The main aim of our project is flood monitoring to a greater extent. This can be done by monitoring the speed of water using speed sensors as well as water level indicators. Construction is made before few kilometers awa

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Moderately Remote Healthcare Clinic

B.d.mccoy — Mon, 06 Sep 2010 00:43:40 GMT

New page: === Background === This document provides a description of the baseline scenario for a moderately remote healthcare clinic. === Sanitary infrastructure and conditions === In...

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=== Background ===

This document provides a description of the baseline scenario for a moderately remote healthcare clinic. 

=== Sanitary infrastructure and conditions ===

Inspired from various reports on sub-saharan regions, this case study considers one of a region's poorest districts. This district has seen little economic growth for several years, suffers high illiteracy and comprises 10'000 HIV/AIDS patients.

The district has an affiliated hospital, and supports 10 rural clinics in its surrounding area. The district's system is the only healthcare facility for 100'000 people in the area. The district's hospital supports 20'000 people, while each remote rural clinic supports about 8'000 people. To ensure sanitary services, the district hospital has 100 beds, 6 doctors, 12 nurses and 30 support personnel. The remote health clinics, located 10 to 20 km away from district headquarters (potentially in hilly terrain), comprises one nurse and five support personnel and the weekly visit of doctor.

=== Data connectivity status ===

*Erratic voice telephone service barely reaches the locality and there are no phones at the rural villages clinics.
*Electrical service, limited to the town center, is undependable for most of the day.
*Limited to major cities in the region, cellular services are not yet available to this remote district. 

 

=== Data connectivity needs ===

The goal is identify a technological solution to enable remote diagnoses and treatment by doctors, fast access to health records and rapid information collection and dissemination to the entire staff. This solution could also benefit to the foreign aid organizations fighting AIDS and malaria in the district, by providing up-to-date information on the use of inventory of the clinic's material, and by helping to address the administrative and logistics problems they face.

=== Sketched data connectivity solution ===

The challenge description document suggested to provide a PC to each rural clinic and 10 PCs to the district hospital. These PCs could be connected through a WiFi/WiMAX modified for long distance applications by TIER [http://tier.cs.berkeley.du]. To connect this TIER network to the internet, a router/gateway at the hospital can be linked to the nearest VSAT station (30 km away) through a series of directional antennas. This way a 256-kb/s internet connection is made available. 

== Solution Steps ==

The first thing that we should do is have a global context of the problem. We have to do a regions study with the follow characteristics: 

*Population
*Health infrastructure
*Concurrent health problems
*Principal morbidities
*Major epidemics

 

The second stage of the project’s focus should be to analyze of the request of rural clinics. Such data connectivity uses by the clinics include: 

*Determining the number of patients in each rural clinic and in the primary hospital
*The services that are needed for the rural clinic.
*Communications connectivity status
*Communications equipment status
*Health services offered in headquarters hospital
*Health services offered in rural clinic

The next stage, determined the principal services that will be offered through to the network, this is possible, studying the registered information. 

 The fourth stage is determined by the amount of traffic that will be on the network, this is necessary because the solution is designed to support the actual communication needs. The type of technology to use cannot be determined without knowing what is required (voice, video, and/or data). 

 The next stage is to choose the technology; this selection depends on the results of the previous stages, the economic resources and the terrain characteristics. 

 The sixth step is to make a final design with specific characteristics for the area, it will likely be necessary to create multiple drafts before a real result is obtained.

== Article Contributors ==

• Jennifer Rangel           jennifermendezr@gmail.com • Brendan McCoy           b.d.mccoy@ieee.org • Nadia Khaled              nadia.khaled@epfl.ch 

**This article is mainly a summary of a document that was distributed at the Washington IEEE HTN conference

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	In many developing nations, healthcare is typically provided by rural district health offices, which may not have data connections to other health centers in the area. However, being able to exchange data between central health facilities and remote field offices is critically important:		In many developing nations, healthcare is typically provided by rural district health offices, which may not have data connections to other health centers in the area. However, being able to exchange data between central health facilities and remote field offices is critically important:

-	*To provide interaction among healthcare professionals so they can solve day-to-day problems	+	*To provide interaction among healthcare professionals so they can solve day-to-day problems
	*To retrieve patients’ medical records		*To retrieve patients’ medical records
-	*To transfer medical records to a central database	+	*To transfer medical records to a central database
	*To provide a video/audio link for		*To provide a video/audio link for

-	- Remote diagnosis and treatment	+	- Remote diagnosis and treatment

-	- Consultations with psychiatrists	+	- Consultations with psychiatrists

	- Continuing education/instruction for paramedical staff		- Continuing education/instruction for paramedical staff
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	*To alert offices to emergencies and outbreaks and:		*To alert offices to emergencies and outbreaks and:

-	- Identify outbreaks	+	- Identify outbreaks

-	- Report on the status of the outbreaks	+	- Report on the status of the outbreaks

-	- Transmit/Distribute educational materials for the public	+	- Transmit/Distribute educational materials for the public

	- Establish requirements for appropriate levels of medical and personnel resources		- Establish requirements for appropriate levels of medical and personnel resources

-	<br>Data connectivity should have the following characteristics:<br>	+	<br>Data connectivity should have the following characteristics:<br>

-	*Bidirectional data transfer at the same speed in each direction	+	*Bidirectional data transfer at the same speed in each direction
-	*Ability to store and forward data	+	*Ability to store and forward data
-	*A suitable data transfer rate at a suitable cost structure for an application in a specific location	+	*A suitable data transfer rate at a suitable cost structure for an application in a specific location
-	*Networks should be easy to connect and expand (perhaps with mesh topology)	+	*Networks should be easy to connect and expand (perhaps with mesh topology)
-	*Technology used should be known, tested, tried and reliable	+	*Technology used should be known, tested, tried and reliable
-	*Components readily available worldwide, and standardized to avoid being locked into a single vendor	+	*Components readily available worldwide, and standardized to avoid being locked into a single vendor

-	<br>Creating maps of the region of existing connectivity is a useful starting point. Lack of a communications infrastructure and power grid may be an important challenge. Carefully consider using approaches that already exist and technologies that are available. Potential technologies to consider include: <br>	+	<br>Creating maps of the region of existing connectivity is a useful starting point. Lack of a communications infrastructure and power grid may be an important challenge. Carefully consider using approaches that already exist and technologies that are available. Potential technologies to consider include: <br>

	*Cellular: CDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, GPRS, UMTS, HSPA		*Cellular: CDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, GPRS, UMTS, HSPA
-	*Wi-Fi, WiMAX	+	*Wi-Fi, WiMAX
-	*Mesh networking	+	*Mesh networking
-	*DSL	+	*DSL
-	*Fiber	+	*Fiber
-	*Satellite (VSAT or BGAN)	+	*Satellite (VSAT or BGAN)
-	*Delay-tolerant networking/vehicular wireless burst switching networks	+	*Delay-tolerant networking/vehicular wireless burst switching networks
-	*Laser communications	+	*Laser communications
-	*Pyroelectric detector arrays	+	*Pyroelectric detector arrays
-	*Antennas of varying types	+	*Antennas of varying types
	*PAN, Bluetooth		*PAN, Bluetooth

-	Each of these should be checked for their operational feasibility and their applicability to this project in the next two years.<br><br><br />[[Media:RuralHealthDataConnectivityHTC.pdf\|RuralHealthDataConnectivityHTC.pdf]]	+	Each of these should be checked for their operational feasibility and their applicability to this project in the next two years.<br><br>
		+
		+	The two attached documents give a more complete description of the solutions destined to solve the data communication problem of Extreme Remote areas.  Many of the aspects outlined are also described with additional depth within individual articles.<br><br>[[Media:RuralHealthDataConnectivityHTC.pdf\|RuralHealthDataConnectivityHTC.pdf]]<br />[[Media:Solution_Description_Extreme_Remote_v1.2.doc\|Solution_Description_Extreme_Remote_v1.2.doc]]